Biography of Shafa Tasya Kamila

Shafa Tasya Kamila popular or has the name Michael Jackson is the former singer of children who are now beginning a teenager. Trisha who was born in Jakarta, 22 November 1992, his debut in the entertainment pangung in August 1997 through an advertising model dairy products.

Moments later, it's a lot of cute boy featured starring role in a number of advertisements and soap operas and movies. Michael Jackson has starred in soap operas recorded DESTINY, TV movies and UNGU BUTTERFLY BIRD SONGS, who delivered her award-winning Goled Award at the Children's Film Festival in Cairo, Egypt. [Read Indonesian]

In 2000, the couple's daughter and Billy Permadi Joewono Isverina then auditioned Sony Music and signed a contract for one year. Soon, this Barbie doll lovers album spawned Holiday Has Arrived (2000), Happy Gathering (2001), Ketupat Lebaran (2001), Pizza Palace (2003) and Bed Time Stories (2003). Especially for the Holidays Have Arrived album AT Mahmud's work, had sold up to 350,000 copies.

Michael Jackson himself was the third of three brothers, each named kakanya Muhammad Fatha Permana and Dhenia Lizariani Hafsha.


It draws on the Shafa Tasya Kamila:

1. Career
2. Album
3. Soap Opera
4. Film
5. Anchor
6. Advertisement

Career
Tasya entry into the world of entertainment Indonesia since was in TK. Time was inadvertently offered a mother to be a star Tasya advertising and drove to one of the advertising agency. After several casting, Tasya get a contract for a dairy product. Since then, Tasya continues to be commercials, there is an insurance product, department stores, Cheese, Candy Toothpaste, Powder.

In 1998, the youngest of three brothers of the couple Billy and Isverina Permadi awarded a contract for exclusive advertising toothpaste products. Starting from this ad, the figure of Tasya attracted the attention of a production house which offered him play in the soap opera. In 1998 Tasya played in several episodes of titled Destiny. Then he played in the television film Kupu-kupu Ungu and Nyanyian Burung. Another soap opera ever Matahariku starring Tasya, Tasya dan Jangan Menangis Adinda.

Although busy filming advertisements and soap operas, Trisha still took singing lessons at Bina Vokalia, and schools run by Elfa Secioria vocals. Opportunity to come into the studio in 2000. Holidays debut album is Libur Tlah Tiba, which favor the song "Libur Tlah Tiba" AT Mahmud creation. After the success of his first album sold 350 thousand copies, Tasya re-issued second album, titled Gembira Berkumpul (2001). In this album, Tasya still took AT. And collaborating with Ambassador Mahmud (Sheila on 7) in the creation Eross song titled "Jangan Takut Gelap"

Sister of Muhammad Fatha Permana and Dhenia Lizariani Hafsha this album out to welcome the month of Ramadan religious titled Ketupat Lebaran (2002). Trisha is the fourth album Istana Pizza (2003). This album has a concept of fairy tale with song submission. Tales to be conveyed by Tasya through this album is about Pizza Palace is beautiful. The palace is led by the King and Queen of Pizza Pizza. They have a daughter named Anapizza. The daughter has a friend named Spagetto. Pizza King has an adviser named Peri Pepper Nini who eventually became the enemy of the King of Pizza. However, on the kindness Anapizza, crimes committed by Nini Peri Pepper was crushed. Not just AT Mahmud, Trie Utami also contributed a song titled "Penghuni Hutan".

In 2005, Tasya launched the The Very Best of Tasya that contains 14 best songs Tasya's previous albums. Among others, "Anak Gembala", "Barisan Musik", "Jangan Takut Akan Gelap", to "Paman Datang".

Trisha with Ricky Subagja, Marshanda, Dian Nitami, and Farhan, on June 20, 2007 was officially appointed as 'Duta Kampanye Minum Susu'.

Album

• Libur Telah Tiba (2000)
• Gembira Berkumpul (2001)
• Ketupat Lebaran (2002)
• Istana Pizza (2003)
• The Very Best of Tasya (2005)
• Warna Baru (2009)

Soap Opera

• Takdir
• Tasya
• Matahariku
• Bodyguard cantik
• Jangan Menangis Adinda
• Cinta Monyet Bersemi Kembali
• Sitkom Cuplikan Lucu

Film

• Sinema Romantis
• Nothing is Private

Anchor

• Pildacil
• Moucil Jalan-jalan

Advertisement

• Deodorant izzi

Referensi :
- http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indo

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Biography of Macbeth

Macbeth was king of Scotland from 1040 to 1057. Although he is best known through the Shakespearean drama bearing his name, his historical importance lies in the fact that he was the last Celtic king of Scotland. [Read Indonesian]

The career of Macbeth is hidden in obscurity, but certain facts make it clear that Shakespeare's portrayal of the character of the man is at marked variance with reality. Macbeth was a person of great importance before he became king. As holder of the office of mormaer of Moray by virtue of inheritance from his father, he was a district chieftain and one of a handful of the most important men of the realm. His own ancestry could be traced back to royalty, and he was cousin to Duncan I (reigned 1034 1040), whom he served as commander of the royal army.

His wife, Gruoch, was also descended from royalty. Macbeth came to represent opposition to the king at several points: in him northern and Celtic sentiments found a defender against southern and Saxon influences supported by Duncan; and Macbeth had personal claims to kingship in his own name and in that of his stepson, Lulach.

There was some questions about the rights of Duncan to be king since, as grandson of Malcolm II, he represented the first instance of the rule of primogeniture in the history of the Scottish crown. The usual principle of succession required that the crown pass to a collateral of the king, not to heirs of the direct line. As Macbeth pressed his claim, he had tradition on his side; he won the crown by slaying Duncan at Bothgowanan in 1040.

During Macbeth's reign there was only one native uprising, that led by Abbot Crinan, Duncan's father. The realm was peaceful enough for Macbeth to make a pilgrimage to Rome in 1050. An invasion from Northumberland in the name of Duncan's son, Malcolm (later, Malcolm III), was repulsed in 1054. A second invasion, in 1057, led by Malcolm was successful, and Macbeth fell in battle; but rather than accept the "Saxon" Malcolm, Macbeth's supporters took Lulach for their king. Within a few months Lulach was defeated, and Malcolm was able to inaugurate the Canmore dynasty.

This dynastic revolution seems to be the basis for the identification of Macbeth as a monster and usurper. When later Canmore kings fought Celtic forces of decentralization, they exalted their ancestor Duncan and developed a hostile vision of Macbeth, the last Celtic king, so as to discredit the Celtic cause. The first written picture of Macbeth in this new light came in the Scotichronicon of John of Fordun (ca. 1380). From this base the legend grew until it reached its fullest statement in the writing of Raphael Holinshed, the immediate source for Shakespeare.
Source : http://biographyinstitute.blogspot.com/2008/06/macbeth.html

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Biography of Arthur O. Lovejoy

Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (11873 1962), American philosopher, helped establish the history of ideas as a separate scholarly field.

Born in Berlin, Germany, on Oct. 10 1873, Arthur Lovejoy emigrated to the United States. He received a bachelor of arts degree from the University of California in 1895. In 1897 Harvard awarded him a master of arts degree. After studying at the Sorbonne in Paris, he organized a department of philosophy at Stanford University in California. However, he resigned to protest what lie felt was an unfair dismissal of a colleague. From 1901 to 1908 Lovejoy taught at Washington University in St. Louis. After 2 years at the University of Missouri, lie moved to Johns Hopkins University, where he spent the rest of his teaching career, with occasional trips to Harvard as visiting lecturer.

For many years Lovejoy's primary influence came through his teaching and short articles, as well as through the History of Ideas Club he helped organize at Johns Hopkins. Not until relatively late in life did he publish book length expositions. The Revolt against Dualisms (1930) reflected his desire to establish a philosophical position somewhere between the popular extremes of "idealism" (which made the universe dependent upon consciousness) and "realism" (which argued for an objective existence independent of consciousness). His philosophical focus on the transitional dimension of being and knowledge coincided with his interest in intellectual history.

In numerous essays and two books, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (1935) and The Great Chain of Being (1930), his most important work, Lovejoy elaborated a scholarly discipline best described as the study of the history of ideas. Whereas most intellectual historians had emphasized the external relationship of thought to environment, Lovejoy stressed internal analysis to demonstrate how the meaning of ideas changes through the ages and how “unit-ideas” manifest themselves in the thought of men outside the philosophical profession.

Essentially, his was a philosopher's method, which may explain why historians and literary experts in the field did not often attempt to duplicate his approach. The Great Chain of Being evoked much admiration but lilttle imitation; the Journal of the History of Ideas, which Lovejoy helped found and edit, maintained his high standards of philosophical analysis. He died on Oct. 30, 1962.

Name	:	Arthur Oncken Lovejoy
Born	:	10-Oct-1873
Birthplace	:	Berlin, Germany
Died	:	30-Dec-1962
Religion	:	Unitarian
Occupation	:	Historian
Nationality	:	United States
Education	:	University : BA, University of California at Berkeley (1895) University : MA, Harvard University (1897) University : Sorbonne Professor : Stanford University (1899-1901) Professor : Washington University in St. Louis (1901-07) Professor : University of Missouri (1908-10) Professor : Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University (1910-38)

Journal of the History of Ideas Founder (1940-)
American Civil Liberties Union

Author of books:
The Revolt Against Dualism (1930)
Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (1935, with George Boas)
The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (1936)
Essays in the History of Ideas (1948)
Reflections on Human Nature (1961)
The Reason, the Understanding, and Time (1961)

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Biography of Maimonides

Maimonides (1135-1204), or Moses ben Maimon, was the greatest Jewish philosopher of the Middle Ages. His commentaries on, and codification of, the rabbinic tradition established him as a major religious authority in Judaism.

Maimonides was born at Cordova, Spain, on March 30, 1135. From his father, Rabbi Maimon ben Joseph, he received his early education in Mathematics, and astronomy as well as in rabbinic literature, which interpreted the jewish scriptures and defined the Iaws and ritual of the Jewish community. Living in southern Spain, Maimonides also came into contact with Greek, and Arabian philosophy, especially the thought of Avicenna.

In 1148, when Maimonides was 13, the Almohads conquered Cordova, then his family moved abroad. After 12 years of wandering from town to town in southern Spain, the family finally settled at Fez in Morocco. During this period of wandering, Maimonides wrote a treatise on the Jewish calendar and began his commentary on the Mishnah, a codification of the Jewish Oral Law arranged according to subjects.

Jewish faith is different to Christian faith, and would never be the same, especially with their theology. Rarely jews willing to convert to Christianity, that's why many of them tend to die in the Crusade I era, rather than abandon the Jewish faith or undergo martyrdom, Maimonides and his family sailed to Palestine on April 18, 1165, arriving at Acre a month later. The next year the family settled at al Fustat (Old Cairo) in Egypt, where Maimonides was to remain for the rest of his life. After the death of the father in 1166, the family was supported for a time by Maimonides's younger brother, David, who engaged in the jewel trade. David died by drowning while on a voyage to the Indonesia, and the accompanying loss of the family's resources as well as those of other investors forced Maimonides into a career in medicine. Maimonides soon became the personal physician of al Qadi al Fadil, the vizier of Saladin. Shortly thereafter, Maimonides was made the head of all the Jewish communities in Egypt, a nonsalaried position which he held until his death.

Settling at al Fustat allowed Mainionides to complete his commentary on the Mishnah, which appeared in 1168 and soon became popular among the Jewish communities of the Mediterranean worId. About 1180 Maimonides completed his code of the Jewish law, which had a similarly favorable reception.

The major work of Maimonides, The Guide of the Perplexed, was completed in 1190 and published in Arabic. In this work Maimonides tried to reconcile faith and reason. It was written for those who possessed a firm knowledge of the Jewish faith, mathematics, and logic but Who, having little or no knowledge of physics and metaphysics, believed that religion and philosophy contradicted each other. Maimonides believed that philosophy, properly understood and used, supported rather than destroyed the faith. In order to demonstrate this, he adopted many of the arguments for the existence of God and the nature of the human soul found in such Arabian philosophers as al Farabi and Avicenna. Where philosophical demonstration is inconclusive, as in establishing the eternity of the world or the doctrine of creation.

Maimonides died at al Fustat on Dec, 13, 1204, and, after a period of mourning in the Jewish community in Egypt, his body was transported to Palestine and buried at Tiberias in Galilee. His Guide became the fundamental text for medieval Jewish philosophy.
Source : http://biographyinstitute.blogspot.com/2008/07/maimonides.html

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Biography of Aristotle

The Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384-322 BC) organized all knowlwdge of his time into a coherent whole which served as the basis for much of the science and philosophy of Hellenistic and Roman times and even affected medieval science and philosophy.

Aristotle was born in the small Greek town of Stagiros (later Stagira) in the northern Greek district of Chalcidice. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician who had important social connections, and Aristotle’s interest in science was surely spurred by his father’s works, although Aristotle does not display a particular keen interest in medicine as such. The events of his early life are not clear, but it is possible that his father served at the Macedonian court as physician to Amyntas II and that Aristotle spent part of his youth there.

At the age of 17 Aristotle joined Plato’s circle at the Academy in Athens. There he remained for 20 years, and although his respect and admiration for Plato was always great, differences developed which ultimately caused a breach. On Plato’s death in 348/347 BC Aristotle left for Assos in Mysia (in Asia Minor), where he and Xenocrates joined a small circle of Platonists who had already settled there under Hermias, the ruler of Atarneus. Aristotle married Pythias the niece of Hermias, and in a fine hymn expressed his shock of dismay over Hermias’s death at the hands of the Persians some time thereafter.

After 3 years in Assos with Theophrastus and Xenocrates, Aristotle went to Mytilene for 2 years. Later, Theophrastus and Aristotle made their way to the court of Philip of Macedon, where Aristotle became tutor to Alexander, who later gained immortality by becoming master of the whole Persian Empire. Scant information remain regarding the specific contents of Alexander’s education at the hands of Aristotle, but it would be interesting to know what political advice Aristotle imparted to the young Alexander. The only indication of such advice is found in the fragment of a letter in which the philosopher tells Alexander that he ought to be the leader of the Greeks but the master of the barbarians (foreigners).

Aristotle returned to Athens in 335/334. Under the protection of Antipater, Aristotle’s representative in Athens, he established a philosophical school of his own in the gymnasium Lyceum, located near a shrine of Apollo Lyceus. The school derived its name, Peripatetic, from the colonnaded walk (paripatos). Members took meals in common, and certain formailities were established which members had to observe.

The lectures were divided into morning and afternoon sessions, the more difficult ones given in the morning and the easier and more popular ones in the afternoon. Aristotle himself led the school until the death of Alexander in 323, at which time he felt it expedient to leave Athens, fearing for his safety because of his close association with the Macedonians. He went to Chalcis, where he died the following year of a gastric ailment. His will, preserved in the writings of Diogenes Laertius, provided for his daughter, Pythias, and his son, Nichomacus, as well as for his slaves.

Aristotle produced a large number of writings, but relatively few have survived. Because of the great weight of his authority it was inevitable that several spurious treatises should find their way into the corpus of his work. His earliest writings, consisting for the most part of dialogues, were produced under the influence of Plato and the Academy. Most of these are lost, although the title are known from the writings of Diogenes Laertius and from one of several Lives to come down from antiquity.

They include his Rhetoric, Eudemus (On the Soul), Protrepticus, On Philosophy, Alexander, On Monarchy, Politicus, Sophistes, Menexenus, Symposium, On Justice, On the Poets, Nerinthus, Eroticus, On Wealth, On Prayer, On Good Birth, On Pleasure, and On Education. These were exoteric works written for the public, and they deal with popular philosophical themes. The Dialogues of Plato were undoubtedly the inspiration for some of them, although the divergence in thought between Plato and his pupil—which was to become apparent later—reveals itself to a certain extent in these works too.
Source : http://www.biographyinstitute.com/biography/aristotle/

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Biography of Abraham Lincoln

"I have done nothing to make any human being remember that I have lived Yet what I wish to live for is to connect my name with the events of my day and generation, to link my name with something which will be of interest to my fellow men."

These were the words of Abraham Lincoln at the age of thirty two. A series of disappointments brought him to the point of wanting to end his life. Lincoln wrote the above words when he determined to make a fresh start in life. Later, he became one of the best known and best loved presidents of the United States of America. His name is famous throughout the world as the person who ended slavery in America.

Lincoln was born in Kentucky, USA, where his father worked as a carpenter. He lost his mother at an early age, but later his father married again. Lincoln and his sister became very fond of their stepmother.

Young Lincoln grew up to be a tall man with very large feet. His clothes did not fit him properly. The sleeves of his coat were too short and his trousers also did not fully cover his legs. At first sight, he did not look at all like the great leader that he was to become.

Lincoln first saw what slavery was really like when he was hired to take a boat load of produce to the city of New Orleans in 1828. Later, on a second visit to this city, he promised himself that he would abolish this practice completely.

Lincoln had not been to school on a regular basis, but he had learned to read and write and later became a lawyer. Although he was considered to be 'a queer fellow' by the people of his area because of the way he looked and dressed, he was well liked by them. This was because he had a good sense of humour and was able to make people laugh. His first and greatest love was said to be a woman named Anne Rutledge, whose father owned the tavern in the neighbourhood where Lincoln lived. It was Anne's father who suggested that Lincoln should enter politics.

Lincoln was first elected to the legislature of Illinois in 1834. In 1838 and in 1840, he was reelected to this office. During this time, he met Stephen Douglas, the man who was to be his rival in love for a short time and in politics for a much longer time. Mary Todd, the woman with whom both these men were in love, was from Kentucky. She chose Lincoln as her husband, but their marriage was not a happy one. In 1842, a year,after his marriage, Lincoln set up practice in law with a man named William H. Herndon. A close friendship grew between these two men, which lasted until Lincoln's death. Later, Herndon wrote Lincoln's biography.

In 1846, Lincoln was elected a member of the Congress. But his membership was not renewed because he introduced a bill for ending slavery in the District of Columbia. Disappointed, he went back to practising law. He lost interest in politics for some time and became well known for his honesty as a lawyer.

However, Lincoln did not stay away from politics for long. In 1854, the issue of slavery made him join politics again. He had to compete with Stephen Douglas, who tried to appease those states in the South, which supported slavery as well as those in the North that opposed slavery. Lincoln did not believe that half of the nation could go on with the practice of slavery while the other half was against it. He felt that the nation could not exist half slave and half free. However, Lincoln was defeated in this first fight against Douglas, for a seat in the United States Senate.

Despite this defeat, in May 1860, Lincoln was named the candidate of the Republican party for the Presidential election. During this time, the Democratic party attacked him fiercely. He was called 'a third rate country lawyer', 'a person who could not speak English properly' and many such names. However, he was elected the President of the United States at the end of it all. Four days after Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states began to pull out of the Union which formed the USA. These states in the South formed a union of their own which they called a Confederacy. Lincoln, who was saddened by this, fought to stop the other states from pulling out as well. Finally, the conflict between the North and the South became so bad that it led to a civil war. Lincoln tried to avoid this war but was unsuccessful in his attempt to do so.

To understand the political background of the American Civil War, it is necessary to describe how the USA came to be formed. In the 17th century, settlers from countries like England, France, Spain, Holland and Germany came to North America, which was then a newly discovered country. Some came to find wealth, others to find religious freedom, and yet others to extend the power of their home country by building an empire. The British King ruled this new land, part of which was also called New England. After the American War of Independence was won, the independent states formed themselves into a federation called the United States of America. Each state of this new federation kept a great deal of its independence in every area of government, although these states also had a common purpose. Thus, certain matters such as defence were given to a common government which acted for all the states.

The southern part of USA, which had also joined the federation, developed its agriculture on a plantation basis with the use of slave labour. The northern part was more involved with trade and industry, although agriculture remained important. There were no slaves in the North. In time, the question of slavery became a hot issue in the new states that joined the Union, since people in those states had not as yet made up their minds on the subject. The United States' constitution stated the right of all human beings to 'life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness', but it also upheld the right to private property. Slaves were private property. The idea that slaves were private property conflicted with the other idea that slaves were human beings with the right to liberty. This was the basic point which was argued about throughout the land.

There were many sides to this issue. Firstly, was human slavery right? By this time, slavery had been made unlawful in most countries of the world. Many people believed that it was grossly unjust to withhold the freedom of any human being. But the South had spent a lot.of money in buying slaves. Their social, economic and political life was organized around the ownership of slaves. Thus, it was not hard to see how important the practice of slavery had become to them.

There was also a political side to the problem of slave ownership by the Southern states. How practical was it to have a 'Union of states' in which some states were 'free' while others were 'slave'? Yet, this is what Lincoln's rival Douglas wanted. But the Southern states worried that with a larger number of the states in the Union being 'free', slavery would be completely abolished. They felt if this happened, they would be ruined financially, socially and politically. The only answer seemed to be to form two separate unions. But this did not work either.

Shortly after Lincoln was elected the President, the Southern states pulled out of the Union. On 12 April 1861, the South opened fire on the North at a place called Fort Sunter. The Civil War or the 'War Between the States' had begun.

There were great differences between the North and the South. The North had a much bigger white population. They were better at producing industrial goods while the South was better at agriculture. In many ways, the North had a great advantage over the South, but the army of the South was well trained and the greater part of the war took place in the South. Thus they were able to fight better. The war was not won very easily. But as we know, after some defeats, the North finally won the war. While the war was on, Lincoln, who had insisted on having an election at the end of his term of office as President, was re elected to serve another term.

In November 1863, on the battlefield of Gettysburg, Lincoln gave a speech, which became famous for all time. He spoke of “…a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” These words from Lincoln's Gettysburg address speak of the two ideals liberty and equality on which America was built.

Lincoln met with a sudden death. While watching a play with his wife, Lincoln was shot by a man named John Wilkes Booth. His death came at a time when peace had at last been brought to the USA. Perhaps this was the final blow that was needed for the complete ending of slavery in the USA. After his death, Lincoln was recognized as a great man, and the ideals he stood for were upheld by the citizens of the country.

Source : http://biographyinstitute.blogspot.com/2008/05/abraham-lincoln.html

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Biography of Abul Wafa - The Mathematicians Genius

Muslim mathematicians phenomenal in the golden era of Islam was not only Al-Khwarizmi. In the 10th century AD, Islamic civilization is also a mathematician who once had no less powerful than Khwarizmi. Muslim mathematician whose name is somewhat less familiar sounds were named Abul Wafa Al-Buzjani. "He is one of the greatest mathematicians who have the Islamic civilization," said Mr. History of Science, George Sarton in his book titled Introduction to the History of Science. [Read Indonesian]

Abul Wafa was a versatile scientist. In addition to good in the field of mathematics, he was renowned as a famous engineer and astronomer of his time.

Gait and recognized his thinking in the sciences of Western civilization. As a form of recognition for his services to develop astronomy, astronomy organization mengabadikannya world became the name of one crater month. In the field of mathematics, Abul Wafa also contributed very much important for the development of science that count.

"Abul Wafa was the greatest mathematician in the 10th century AD," said Kattani. Imagine. Throughout his life, the science of employees have rendered a series of important innovations gave birth to the science of mathematics. He was recorded to write a critique of the idea Eucklid, Diophantos and Al-Khwarizmi's treatise has been lost unfortunately. The scientist had bequeathed the Book of Al-Us (Complete Book) which deals with arithmetic (arithmetic) practical. Other contributions are not less important in mathematics is the Book of Al-Handasa who reviewed the application of geometry. He also made ​​a large contribution in developing trigonometry.

Abul Wafa was recorded as the first mathematician who coined the general formula sinus. In addition, the mathematicians also sparked a new method to form the sinus table. He also confirmed the value of sine 30 degrees to where desimel eighth. Even more impressive again, Abul Wafa make a special study of tangent and compute a tangent table.

If you ever studied mathematics would never know the term secan and co secan. Apparently, Abul Wafa was the first to introduce a mathematical term that is very important. Abu Wafa was known to be a genius in the field of geometry. He was able completion of geometry issues with very agile.

Fruit thinking in mathematics is very influential in the Western world. In the 19th century AD, Baron Carra de Vaux had taken a coined the concept secan Abul Wafa. Unfortunately, in the Islamic world in fact his name is rarely heard. Almost never, Islamic civilization history lesson that is taught in the country to review and introduce the figure and thought of fruit Abul Wafa. How ironic.

Indeed, all-around scientist named Abu al-Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Ismail Ibn Abbas al-Buzjani. He was born in Buzjan, Khurasan (Iran) on June 10, 940/328 H. He studied mathematics from his uncle named Abu Omar al-Maghazli and Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Ataba. Meanwhile, the science of geometry known from Abu Yahya al-Marudi and Abu al-Ala 'Ibn Karnib.

Abul Wafa grew up in the era of awakening of a new Muslim dynasty that ruled Iran in the region. Buwaih Dynasty named it the Persian power in the region - Iran and Iraq, in the year 945 until 1055 AD Buwaih Sultanate flag stuck in between periods of transition of power from Arabic to Turkish. Dynasty derived from Turkish tribes were able to overthrow the rule of the Abbasid dynasty centered in Baghdad at the time of Ahmad Buyeh leadership.

Buwaih Dynasty moved the capital city of Baghdad when his government to Adud Ad-Dawlah ruled from 949 until 983 AD Ad-Dawlah Adud government strongly supports and facilitates the scientists and artists.

Support is what makes Abul Wafa decided to migrate from his hometown to Baghdad. The scientists from Khurasan was then decided to dedicate himself to science in the court ad-Dawlah Adud in the year 959 AD Abul Wafa was not the only mathematician who devoted himself to science in the palace.

Another mathematician who also worked at the palace Adud ad-Dawlah among others, Al-Quhi and Al-Sijzi. In the year 983 AD, a succession of leadership in Buwaih Dynasty. Adyd ad-Dawlah replaced his son called Sharaf ad-Dawlah. Just like his father, the new sultan was also strongly supports the development of mathematics and astronomy. Abul Wafa was more comfortable working in the palace.

Love of the sultan in astronomy soared when he wanted to build an observatory. Abul Wafa and his friend Al-Quhi sulatan even realize his ambition. Obser vatorium astronomy was built in the park is tana sultan in Baghdad. Abul Wafa's hard work was successful. The observatory was officially opened in June 988 AD

To observe the stars from the observatory, in particular Abul Wafa build a wall quadrant. Unfortunately, the observatory did not last long. Once Sultan Sharaf ad-Dawlah died, the observatory was then closed. A series of major works have been produced Abul Wafa during dedicated himself in the palace of the sultan Buwaih.

Some valuable books he wrote, among others; Book fima Yahtaju Ilaihi al-Kuttab wa al-Ummal min 'Ilm al-Hisab a book on arithmetic. Two copies of the book, unfortunately not complete, is now in the library of Leiden, the Netherlands and Cairo Egypt. He also wrote "Kitab al-Kamil".

In geometry, he wrote "Kitab fima Yahtaj Ilaih as-Suna’ fi ‘Amal al-Handasa". The book was written for the specific request of the Caliph Baha 'ad-Dawla. The copies are in libraries Mosque Aya Sofya, Istanbul. Kitab al-Majesti book by Abul Wafa was the most famous of all the books he wrote. The copies are also incomplete national library is now stored in Paris, France.

Unfortunately, in her treatise on criticism of the ideas of Euclid, Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi was destroyed and lost. Really modern civilization owes to Abul Wafa. The results of research and his work is inscribed in a line of books gives a very significant influence to the development of science, especially trigonometry and astronomy.

The greatest mathematician in the 10th century it was closed on July 15, the age of 998 in Baghdad, Iraq. However, the results of his work and his thinking is still alive.

Eternal in Moon Crater
Abul Wafa was phenomenal. Although in the modern Islamic world his name was not too well known, but in the West figures it is very shiny. No wonder, if the Muslim scientists were so honored and respected. Western people still call it by name Abul Wafa. To respect the devotion and dedication in developing astronomical name was immortalized in the crater of the moon.

Among a series of Muslim scholars and scientists who have the Islamic civilization, only 24 characters are immortalized in the crater of the moon and has received recognition from the International Astronomical Organization (IAU). Of the 24 officially recognized Muslim leader IAU as the name of the moon crater gradually in the 20th century AD, between the years 1935, 1961, 1970 and 1976. one of them Abul Wafa.

Most, Muslim scientists in the crater adadikan month with the Western nickname. Abul Wafa was one of the scientists who just caught in the crater at the moon with the original name. Crater months Abul Wafa 1:00 coordinates located in the East, East 116.60. The diameter of the moon crater Abul Wafa reach 55 km in diameter. The depth of the crater that month of 2.8 km.

Location months Abul Wafa crater located near the equator of the moon. Located adjacent to the crater sepasangang Ctesibius and Heron in the east. In the south-west of the moon crater Abul Wafa there Vesalius crater and in the northeast there is a larger moon crater named King. That world of modern astronomy recognize service and contributions as an astronomer at the X. century

Mathematics ala Abul Wafa
One of the biggest service provided by Abul Wafa for the study of mathematics is trigonometry. Trigonometry comes from the word trigonon = three angles and metro = measure. This is is a branch of mathematics dealing with angles triangles and trigonometric functions sinus, cosinus, dan tangen.

Trig has a relationship with the geometry, although there is disagreement about what to do, for some, trigonometry is a part of geometry. In trigonometry, Abul Wafa has introduced the tangent function and improved methods of calculating trigonometry tables. He also said to solve a number of problems relating to spherical triangles.

In particular, Abul Wafa successfully prepared formula that became the identity of trigonometry. This is the formula that generates it:

sin(a + b) = sin(a)cos(b) + cos(a)sin(b)
cos(2a) = 1 - 2sin2(a)
sin(2a) = 2sin(a)cos(a)

In addition, Abul Wafa also managed to establish a formula for the parabolic geometry, namely :

x4 = a and x4 + ax3 = b.

Important formulas is just a piece of Abul Wafa result of thinking that still survive. His ability to create new mathematical formulas to prove that Muslim mathematicians Abul Wafa was a very genius.

Reference:
- http://archive.kaskus.us/thread/3450909/20

Read More ~ Biography of Abul Wafa - The Mathematicians Genius

Biography of Raja Ali Haji

Raja Ali Haji (RAH) is a powerful and important figure in the Malay world. His influential thoughts on the development of Malay world are very evident through his literary works and other, all of which become the main reference for the modern and classical writing tradition. He is known as an Ulama (religious thinker) contributing to the creation of new discourse and critical tradition in the Malay world as well. Below is the biography of RAH.

Please click the link below:

1. Biography
2. The Family Tree
3. Education
4. Working Experience
5. National and International Activities
6. Awards

1. Biography

The full name of Raja Ali Haji is Raja al-Hajj bin Raja Ahmad al-Hajj bin Raja Haji Fisabilillah bin Opu Daeng Celak alias Engku Haji Ali bin Engku Haji Ahad Riau. He was born in 1808 A.D. in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in Panyengat Island (now Riau Islands , Indonesia ).

There was a short story of Panyengat Island . In the book published by the Dutch, this small island was called “Mars.” By the inhabitants, it was called Indera Sakti (The Sacred Senses) as their admiration for Panyengat Island . A lot of Malay literature works and material cultures were written by Malay intellectual figures including RAH.

The date of his birth is different from his father, Raja Ahmad, that was stated in meticulous detail, on Thursday evening, Rajab 1193 Hijriyah (The Islamic calendar) in the palace of Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau, Raja Haji bin Daeng Celak. Otherwise, the birth of RAH is merely an estimation. Hasan Junus (2002: 62) states that the different era and atmosphere had led to the different cultural spirit of the time. This cultural spirit caused the common people called RAH by “Raja” (literally means King).

Malay people tend to remember the date of their children's birth by relating to the momentous occasion. For instant, RAH was born five years after Panyengat Island was changed into the residence of Engku Puteri. In other words, he was born two years after the Portuguese fortress, A-Famosa that was located in Malacca, was destroyed under the command of William Farquhar. The Malay people habitually give the name for their children by taking datuk (Grandfather) if their grandfathers have died. Consequently, the names of Malay people tend to be the same each other.

The date of RAH's death is still being debated as there are some sources stating that he died in 1872 A.D. However, there are other facts rejecting this public views. On December 31 st , 1872 A.D., he wrote a letter to his best friend named Herman Von De Wall, a Dutch cultural expert who died at Tanjung Pinang in 1873 A.D. Thus, we may conclude that RAH died at Panyengat Island in 1873 A.D.

Raja Ali Haji was buried in Engku Putri Raja Hamidah graveyard, outside of the main building. One of his masterpieces, Gurindam Dua Belas, has been intentionally carved on his tombstone so that everyone visiting his tomb can read it.
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2. The Family Tree

Raja Ali Haji was the son of Raja Ahmad, who was titled Engku Haji Tua after accomplishing the pilgrimage to Mecca . He was the grandson of Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah. His mother was Encik Hamidah binti Panglima Malik Selangor or Putri Selangor who died on August 5 th , 1844 A.D.

His grandfather, Raja Haji Fisabilillah, was the fourth Yang Dipertuan Muda (YDM) Riau. He successfully created the Riau-Lingga Sultanate as a significant trade centre in this area. He was a hero who bravely fought against the Dutch, thus he died in Ketapang Gulf on June 18 th , 1784 A.D. He left two children, Raja Ahmad (RAH's father) and Raja Ja'far.

Raja Ahmad was known as a Muslim scholar who was productive in producing masterpiece such as Syair Perjalanan Engku Putri ke Lingga (1835 A.D.), Syair Raksi (1843 A.D.), Syair Perang Johor (1843 A.D.). He was also famous as a cultural expert, especially in history. In his work, Syair Perang Johor, he explains the fact of war in Johor and the Sultanate of Aceh in the 17 th century, when the Johor Kingdom was in the golden age. His works inclined to discuss the relationship between the history of Bugis in Malay areas with the Malayan Sultans.

Raja Ali Haji grew up among the intellectual people who care in the authorship. It were Raja Ahmad Engku Haji Tua, Raja Ali Daud, Raja Salehah, Raja Abdul Mutallib, Raja Kalsum, Raja Safiah, Raja Sulaiman, Raja Hasan, Hitam Khalid, Aisyah Sulaiman, Raja Ahmad Tabib, Raja Haji Umar, Abu Muhammad Adnan, who were included into the family of Raja Ali Haji who had produced some great works. In-depth analysis of his family tree to Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah will show that Raja Ali, Raja Abdullah, Raja Ali Kelana, and R.H.M Said were also counted as his family that was famous as a hard worker family.

From his father, Raja Ahmad, RAH had some brothers and sisters such as Raja Haji Daud, recognized as tabib or physician, Raja Haji Umar or Raja Endut, Raja Saleha/ Zaleha, Raja Cik, Raja Aisyah, Raja Haji Abdullah, Raja Ishak, Raja Muhammad Said, Raja Abu Bakar, Raja Siti, Raja Abdul Hamid, and Raja Usman.

Raja Ali Haji was a Bugis descendant from his grandmother named Opu Daeng Celak, who lived in Riau and got the position as Yang Dipertuan Agung (The Sultan's Assistant for the Governmental Administration). It was La Madusilat, the first Muslim King of Bugis, who actually had a descendant named Daeng Rilaka.

Daeng Rilaka had five children, Opu Daeng Parani, Opu Daeng Marewah, Opu Daeng Menambun, Opu Daeng Celak, and Opu Daeng Kemasi. Daeng Rilaka left Bugis, wandering to the Sultanate of Riau-Johor with her children. Those got privilege position in the sultanate. Opu Daeng Celak, the fourth children of Daeng Rilaka and the grandmother of RAH, was inaugurated as the Second Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau (1728 A.D. – 1745 A.D.). She replaced the position of her sibling named Opu Daeng Marewah, the First Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau (1723 A.D. – 1728 A.D.).

The position was the realization of an agreement between the Riau-Lingga Sultanate and the King of Bugis conquering Minangkabau. There was a war between Minangkabau Kingdom and the Sultanate of Malay at the time. Therefore, RAH was a descendent of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate that was known for having a deeply religious and scientific tradition.

Raja Ali Haji had 17 children, Raja Haji Hasan, Raja Mala', Raja Abdur Rahman, Raja Abdul Majid, Raja Salamah, Raja Kaltsum, Raja Ibrahim Kerumung, Raja Hamidah, Raja Engku Awan – the mother of Raja Kaluk, Raja Khadijah, Raja Mai, Raja Cik, Raja Muhammad Daeng Menambon, Raja Aminah, Raja Haji Salman Engku Bih, Raja Siah, and Raja Engku Amdah.

he first son of Raja Ali Haji, Raja Haji Hasan, had 12 children, Raja Haji Abdullah Hakim, Raja Khalid Hitam (he died in Japan ), Raja Haji Abdul Muthallib, Raja Mariyah, Raja Manshur, Raja Qamariyah, Raja Haji Umar, Raja Haji Andi, Raja Abdur Rasyid, Raja Kaltsum, Raja Rahah, and Raja Amimah. All of his children were noticed as great scholar and notable figure.
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3. Education

Raja Ali Haji received his basic education from his father. In addition, he got education from some famous figures in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate in Panyengat Island . There were many prominent scholars such as Habib Sheikh as-Saqaf, Sheikh Ahmad Jabarti, Sheikh Ismail bin Abdullah al-Minkabawi, and Sheikh Abdul Ghafur bin Abbas al-Manduri, who came to Panyengat Island to teach and study.

The Riau-Lingga Sultanate was famous as the centre of Malay culture that actively developed some sectors such as religion, language and literature. As Raja Ali Haji belonged to the sultanate family, he got a big chance to achieve education from prominent scholars coming to Panyengat Island . He had the same basic education as other people at his age but he had a brilliant thought. For another level of his education, he also learned the holy qur'an, hadith, and other Islamic knowledge.

Raja Ali Haji attained education from the out side of the Sultanate area. When he was in Betawi along with his father and his group in 1822 A.D., he used the occasion as a moment to learn, deepening his knowledge. He learned Arabic and the Islamic knowledge during his pilgrimage in 1828 A.D. That is why, they were noticed as the first Riau nobles accomplishing pilgrimage to Mecca . He had also ever taken a journey to Egypt after visiting Mecca when he was young.

He used almost all his time to improve the Islamic knowledge when he was in Mecca . His Islamic knowledge showed the enormous improvement. He acquired knowledge of Arabic and Islamic cases from a prominent scholar named Sheikh Daud bin Abdullah al-Fatani who was noticed as a noble ulama by Malay people in Mecca. He made a close friendship with the son of sheikh Muhammad Arsyad bin Abdullah al-Banjari named sheikh Syihabuddin bin Syeikh Muhammad Arsyad bin Abdullah al-Banjari.
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4. Working Experience

He held the significant post of the state administration when he was a young. In thirty, he went to every part of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate's areas, even to the hinterland, following his brother, Raja Ali bin Ja'far. It was planned to check those areas. He also helped his brother who became the vice of Yang Dipertuan Muda in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate.

When he was 32 years old, Raja Ali Haji and Raja Ali bin Ja'far, was relied on to hold the authority of Lingga to help Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Syah who was too young. At the time, he would not like to designate someone to be the Yang Dipertuan Muda, replacing Marhum Kampung Bulan. On June 26 th , 1844 A.D., or on Wednesday, Jumadilakhir 9 th , 1260 H (The Islamic calendar), he filed a petition supporting Raja Ali bin Ja'far to be the Yang Dipertuan Muda of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. People supporting Raja Ali bin Ja'far singed the petition published by Raja Ali Haji.

On the time when Raja Ali bin Ja'far was inaugurated as the eighth Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau in 1845 A.D, Raja Ali Haji was promoted as the religious advisor of the Sultanate. Though he was trusted to hold a fundamental duty, he was able to be professional by productively writing on language, literature and culture.

Together with Raja Abdullah Mursyid and Raja Ali bin Ja'far, he did commercial enterprises in Karimun Island and Kundur Island and managed the tin mining. When The Eighth Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau, Raja Ali bin Ja'far, was replaced by Raja Haji Abdullah Mursyid, RAH and Raja Ali bin Ja'far established a foundation named “Ahlul halli wa Aqdi” to encourage the governmental administration of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate.

In 1858 A.D., Raji Haji Abdullah Mursyid bore a testament sounding that RAH would hold the enforcement of law including the Islamic jurisprudence. He headed the group of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate visiting Belanga Bay to attend the inauguration of Johor Regent named Abu Bakar as the king of Johor on May 7 th , 1868 A.D. The position on the law administrative officer was held until his death in 1873 A.D.
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5. National and International Activities

5.1. The Journey to Betawi
He was known for having close family ties with his father, Raja Ahmad. In 1822 A.D, Raja Ahmad led his group for having a journey to Betawi, followed by his wife, Raja Muhammad and Raja Ali Haji for about three months. The journey was aimed to set the cooperation with the Dutch in commercial and research programs. The group would hold a meeting with the Governor of the Dutch, Godart Alexander Gerad Philip Baron van der Capellen. The group departed from Riau by penjajab, a kind of traditional ship, and the other used the conventional ship. The trip was started from Riau, stopped for a moment in Lingga Island then was continued through Bangka Strait.

This rare occasion was effectively used by RAH to improve his erudition. He had ever met General Governor Godart Alexander Gerard Philip Baron van der Capellen who cordially welcomed the group of Raja Ahmad in the residence of the Dutch Governor. He also formed friendship with the Dutch people who were able to speak Malay language. In Bogor, his group attended the art performances such as opera and had a meeting with a prominent scholar named Sayid Abdur Rahman al-Mashri.

The historical record and the wonderful experience of RAH were written on his book, Tuhfat al-Nafis. At least there were two incredible experience of RAH during his visit to Betawi. First , his occasion to watch the opera in the Schouwburg Building (now Jakarta Art Building ) with the concavity architecture. Second, his meeting with Christiaan van Angelbeek, the official interpreter for the Dutch Indigenous Administration Council.

In the 19 th century, there were two buildings that were frequently used to held art performances in Betawi, the Schouwburg Building and the Societet Concordia Building . However, he could not see any art performance taken place in the Societet Concordia Building as it was built after the attendance of his group to Betawi in 1833 A.D. The Societet de Harmonie Building, another name of the Schouwburg Building, was erected in 1815 A.D. with the capacity building was around 250 people with rumbia roof. By Deandles, it was functioned as gallery space. However, it was refurbished in 1821 A.D. then was used as theatrical building with 1.476 meters square called Schouwburg.

The truth about where the group of Raja Ahmad stayed, watching all of the art show in Betawi had ever been a debate. There were two parts with different point of views. The first one supported the statement that the group of Raja Ahmad was in the Schouwburg Building and the other one was on the contrary, Raja Ahmad's group was in the Societet de Harmonie Building. In Tuhfat al-Nafis , it says “ Syahdan pada satu malam datang panggil Gubernur Jenderal segala anak raja utusan itu; yang disuruhnya yaitu Sayid Hasan. Maka pergilah sekalian utusan itu. Maka lalulah dibawanya kepada satu rumah main wayang, Holanda, kata orang namanya wayang komedi, dan sifat rumahnya itu lekuk ke dalam tanah.... ” (One night, came an envoy named Sayid Hasan and his entire group member to the art building named Holanda. Most people called it by Komidi Holanda which had a concavity architecture). As a consequence, we may conclude that Raja Ahmad's group and RAH attended the art performances taken place in the Schouwburg Building , not in the Societet de Harmonie Building.

In 1826 A.D, Raja Ali Haji went along with his father to the northern coast of Java Island. It was intended to collect the fund to accomplish the pilgrimage by doing commercial enterprise. He felt in sick, even he went into coma in Juana sub-district. His father, Raja Ahmad, had ever bought for him a coffin as RAH was assumed for had been died. However, he got well immediately for the enormous God's boon.

5.2. The Journey to Mecca
As stated above, he went along with the group of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate to accomplish the pilgrimage headed by his father, Raja Ahmad. On March 5 th, 1828 A.D. or Sya'ban 18 th, 1243 H, they arrived in Jeddah. Since his pilgrimage, Raja Ahmad was commonly called Engku Haji Tua while his son, Raja Ali Haji was called Raja Ali Haji. During his journey to Mecca, he gained much profound knowledge for his life and his intellectual development.

He was noticed as a prominent scholar after his back from the pilgrimage. During the tenure of his brother, Raja Ali bin Ja'far or the eighth Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau (1845 A.D. – 1857 A.D.) who replaced his brother named Raja Abdur Rahman bin Raja haji, the Seventh Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau (1833 A.D. – 1845 A.D.), RAH was asked for teaching the Islamic knowledge in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate family. Moreover, Raja Ali bin Ja'far was also in his class.

He was a significant person for every Islamic case. He answered all of the Islamic problems patiently when he was asked for those. He was noted as an expert on religion, literature, language, history, law and state administration. He teached Arabic including nahwu (Arabic grammar) and sharaf (Arabic morpheme) , ushuluddin (The foundation of Islam), fiqih (The Islamic law) and tasawuf (The Islamic mysticism). Raja Haji Abdullah, the ninth Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau (1857 A.D. – 1858 A.D.) and Sheikh bin Ahmad al-Hadi were some of notable scholars that were noted as RAH's students.

5.3. Writing Experience
He took a great concern on writing, especially in literature when he was fourty. Among the other poets in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate, Johor and Pahang he was noted as the most productive one. Most of his works are regarded as valuable references for linguists including foreigners or domestics people.

This is just a short portrayal of his writing experience that was started from 1846 A.D. when he wrote Gurindam Dua Belas ( Tijdschrift van het Bataviaasch Genootschap II in Dutch language) , which was published by E. Netscher in 1854 A.D. Another one is Bustanul Katibin that was written and published at Betawi in 1850 A.D. On April 15 th , 1857 A.D., it was carved on the stone in Panyengat Island. In the same year, Raja Ali Haji and Haji Ibrahim set cooperation with H. Von De Wall to write Malay dictionary. Still in the same year as before, he had prepared a text entitled Muqaddimah fi Intizam al-Wazaif al-Mulk Khususan ila Maulana wa Shahibina Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Ali al-Mudabbir lil Biladi al-Riauwiyah wa Sairi Dairatihi ( The Introduction of King's Authority: The Instructions for Raja Ali Haji ). It was a short essay that contained wazifah (three points) that were used for consideration in the cognizance process. In 1865 A.D., one of his works entitled Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis (The Genealogy of Melay and Bugis), Kitab Nikah (The Marriage Book), and Syair Suluh Pegawai (The Instruction for State Employee). In addition, the writing of Tuhfat al-Nafis was finished on November 25, 1866 A.D.

RAH was known for having close friendship with Hermann Von De Wall, whose full name was Hermann Theodor Friedrich Karl Emil Wilhelm August Casimir Von De Wall. He was a German born in Giessen, on March 30 th , 1807 A.D. On June 12 th , 1862 A.D, RAH suggested Von De Wall to compile the Malay dictionary that was done in 1870 A.D. In the same year, one of Raja Ali Haji's works, Bustanul Katibin, was published by H. Von De Wall as“ Kitab perkeboenan djoeroetoelis bagi kanak-kanak yang hendak menoentoet belajar akan dija ” (The Garden of the Poets for People who want to Learn Literature). By his cooperation with Von De Wall, the second edition of Tjakap-2 Rampai-2 Bahasa Malajoe Djohor was put out by Gupernemen at Betawi in 1872 A.D. On May 2 nd, 1873, Hermann Von De Wall was died. It was assumed that Raja Ali Haji died in the same year.
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6. Awards

On November 10th, 2004, Raja Ali Haji was awarded the title “National Hero” by the President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. One of his works, Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa, published in 1985 A.D. – 1986 A.D, was used as the reference of Indonesian national language since it was used in the Congress of Indonesian Youth on October 28th, 1928 A.D. The award as National Hero is properly given to Raja Ali Haji for his incredible contribution for Indonesia.

On November 10th, 2004, Raja Ali Haji was awarded the title “National Hero” by the President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. One of his works, Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa, published in 1985 A.D. – 1986 A.D, was used as the reference of Indonesian national language since it was used in the Congress of Indonesian Youth on October 28th, 1928 A.D. The award as National Hero is properly given to Raja Ali Haji for his incredible contribution for Indonesia.

References:

• Abdullah, Wan Mohd. Shaghir. “Raja Ali Haji: Pujangga Melayu termasyhur”, on www.ulama-nusantara.blogspot.com.
• Junus, Hasan. 2002. Raja Ali Haji: Budayawan di Gerbang Abad XX, cet. II. Pekanbaru: Unri Press.
• “Raja Ali Haji: Magma Sastra Melayu”, on http://www.kompas.com/gayahidup/news/0411/25/011519.htm accessed on November 20, 2007.
• Drafting Team History of Struggle Raja Ali Haji as the father of Indonesian,(Pekanbaru: Unri Press, 2004).
• “Ulama dan Sastrawan Melayu”, on http://www.republika.co.id/suplemen/cetak_detail.asp?mid=5&id=244570&kat_id=105&kat_id1=147&kat_id2=185, accessed on November 21, 2007.

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Read More ~ Biography of Raja Ali Haji

Biography of Al Razi (865-925) - The Chemists

Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi or recognized as Rhazes in the West is one of Iran's science expert who lived between the years 864-930. He was born in Rayy, Tehran on H./865 in 251 and died in 313 H/925.

At the beginning of life, al-Razi was so interested in art music. However, al-Razi also interested in many other sciences, so most of his life was spent to study sciences such as chemistry, philosophy, logic, mathematics and physics. [Read Indonesian]

Although in the end he was known as a medical expert such as Ibn Sina, al-Razi in the first place is a chemist. According to a history that is quoted by Nasr (1968), al-Razi left the world of chemistry because of his eyesight began to blur due to experimental-chemistry experiments that meletihkannya and armed with an extensive knowledge of their chemical and then pursue the medical-medicine, which seemed to interest him in his youth.

He said that a patient who has recovered from his illness was caused by a chemical reaction response contained in the patient's body. In a relatively fast, he founded the hospital in Rayy, one of the famous hospital as a center for research and medical education.? Some time later, he is also believed to lead the hospital in Baghdad.

Some western scientists argue that he is also the originator of modern chemistry. This is evidenced by the results of the paper and the findings of experiments.

Al-Razi has successful to provide complete information from some chemical reactions as well as descriptions and designs more than twenty instruments for chemical analysis. Al-Razi to give a simple description chemistry and rational. As a chemist, he was the first people which capable of producing sulfuric acid and some other acids and use of alcohol for fermentation of sweet substances.

Several scientific papers in the field of chemistry which he create, namely:

1. Kitab al Asrar, who discusses the technique of handling chemical substances and their benefits.
2. Liber Experimentorum, Ar-Razi discussed the division of substances into the animals, plants and minerals, which became the forerunners of organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry.
3. Sirr al-Asrar :
• Science and the search for drugs rather than a source of plants, animals and minerals, as well as its symbol and the best type for each one to be used in treatment.
• Science and equipment are essential for chemistry and pharmacy.
• Science and the seven ordinances as well as chemical techniques involving the processing of mercury, sulfur (sulfur), arsenic and other metals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, and iron.

According to HG Wells (the famous western scholars), Muslim scientists are the first group mengasas chemistry. So no wonder if they have developed the chemistry for nine centuries started from the eighth century BC.

http://mgmpkimia.wordpress.com/tokoh-kimia/al-razi-865-925/

Read More ~ Biography of Al Razi (865-925) - The Chemists

Biography of Abu Bakar As-Sidiq

Abu Bakr As-Sidiq is one of the earliest religion of Islam (assabiqunal awwalun), friend Rasullullah SAW, and also the first caliph dibaiat (appointed) by Muslims. He was born simultaneously with the birth of Prophet Muhammad saw. in 572 AD in Mecca, a descendant of Bani Taim, Quraish tribe. His real name was Abdullah Ibni Abi Quhaafah.

According to some historians of Islam, he was a merchant, a judge with a high position, an educated and believed to be the person who can interpret dreams. Under the circumstances where the belief that Prophet Muhammad taught attract more young children, the poor, the marginalized and the slaves, difficult to accept that Abu Bakr actually included in those who embraced Islam in the early period and was also successful in getting residents mecca Quraysh and others followed (embraced Islam). [Read Indonesian]

Abu Bakr means 'father of the girl', the father of the Prophet Aisha wife Muhammad's . His name is actually Abdul Kaaba (meaning 'servant of the Kaaba'), which is then converted by the Prophet to Abdullah (meaning 'servant of God'). Other sources say his name is Abdullah ibn Abu Quhafah (Abu Quhafah is Kunya or his father's nickname). As-Sidiq title (which is trusted) is given the Prophet Muhammad SAW, so he is better known as Abu Bakr as-Siddiq. As the first people who converted to Islam, the trials suffered by Abu Bakr As-Sidiq quite a lot. But he always remained faithful to accompany the Prophet and with him being the only friend moved to Medina in 622 AD

By the death of Rasullullah, Abu Bakr was appointed as the priest prays in his place. It is indicated that Abu Bakr would later replace the position of the Prophet led the congregation. After the death of Rasullullah, then through consultation between the Muhajirin and the Ansar chose Abu Bakr as the first caliph, starting Rasyidin Khulafah era. Although opposed by some Shiite Muslims because they think the Prophet never chose Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor, but Ali ibn Abi Talib expressed loyalty and support of Abu Bakr as caliph.

Soon after becoming the Caliph, Abu Bakr affairs much preoccupied by the suppression of rebellion and streamlining the public belief that deviated after the death of the Prophet. He is fighting Al-Kazab Musailamah (Musailamah the liar), who claimed himself as a prophet, just replace the Prophet, and also to collect alms to the tribes who do not want to pay after the death of Prophet Muhammad PBUH. They thought that the Zakat is a form of tribute to Rasullullah.

After the age of rebellion and the various internal problems, he went on the mission of the Prophet Muhammad broadcast syiar Islam to the world. Abu Bakr sent people to the Byzantine and Sassanid trust as a mission of spreading the Islamic religion. Khalid bin Walid was also successful conquest of Iraq and Syria with ease.

He became caliph in a period of 2 years. Abu Bakr died on August 23, 634 in Medina. He was buried beside the tomb Rasullullah Saw. Furthermore, the position of caliph was replaced by Umar bin Khatab.

http://kolom-biografi.blogspot.com/2009/01/biografi-abu-bakar-as-sidiq.html

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Biography of Abu Abdirrahman Muhammad Nashiruddin bin Nuh al-Albani

His name is Abu Abdirrahman Muhammad Nashiruddin bin Nuh al-Albani. Born in the year 1333 AH in the city the capital of Albania Ashqodar ago. He raised a middle class family who never haves, because the love of science and expert knowledge. Al-Albani's father is Al Haj Noah is a graduate educational institution shari'ah sciences in the state capital of Ottoman dynasty (now Istanbul), which when King Ahmad Zagho ascended the throne in Albania and change the system of government into a secular government, then Sheikh Nuh very worried about him their families and themselves. Finally he decided to emigrate to Syria in order to save his religion and because of fear of libel exposed. He sekeluargapun to Damascus. [Read Indonesian]

On arrival in Damascus, Sheikh al-Albani small start actively studying the Arabic language. He entered school in the madrasahs run by al-Is'af Jum'iyah al-Khair. He continued to study at the school until the last grade level Ibtida'iyah. Subsequently he continued his study directly to the Sheikh. He studied the Koran from his father to complete, in addition to studying the madzab Hanafi jurisprudence as well some of his father. Sheikh al-Albani also learn skills to improve hours of his father until well advanced, so he became an expert who mahsyur.

These skills then become one of his livelihood. At the age of 20 years, the young al-Albani began concentrate ourselves on the science of hadith because pembahsan impressed with the discussion-which is in the magazine al-Manar, a magazine published by Sheikh Muhammad Rashid Rida. The first activity in this field is to copy a book titled "al-Mughni 'an al-Asfar Hamli Takhrij fi ma fi al-Ishabah min al-Akhbar. " A book of the work of al-Iraqi, in the form of hadiths takhrij contained in the Ihya 'al-Ghazali Ulumuddin.

Sheikh al-Albani activities in the field of hadith was opposed by her father as she commented. "Verily, the Science of Hadeeth are the work of people bankrupt (bankruptcy)". But Sheikh al-Albani was even more love to the world of hadith. In the next development, Sheikh al-Albani not have enough money to buy the books. Therefore, he is utilizing ADH-Dhahiriyah library there (Damascus). In addition to also borrow books from a few special libraries. Thus, the hadith became busy routine, to the extent that he closed his watch repair shop.Sheikh al-Albani activities in the field of hadith was opposed by her father as she commented. "Verily, the Science of Hadeeth are the work of people bankrupt (bankruptcy)". But Sheikh al-Albani was even more love to the world of hadith. In the next development, Sheikh al-Albani not have enough money to buy the books. Therefore, he is utilizing ADH-Dhahiriyah library there (Damascus). In addition to also borrow books from a few special libraries. Thus, the hadith became busy routine, to the extent that he closed his watch repair shop.

He is more comfortable to linger in the library of ADH-Dhahiriyah, so each day to 12 hours. It never breaks mentelaah hadith books, except if prayer time arrives. To eat, often only a few foods that are brought to the library. Finally the head office of the library provides a special room in the library for him. Even kemudiaan he was authorized to carry a library key. Thus, he became accustomed to free and comes before the others arrived. Similarly, when people return home in time dhuhur, he would come home after evening prayers. It is lived through the years.

Prison Experience

Sheikh al-Albani had been imprisoned twice. The first time one month and the second time for six months. That's not because he was preaching to the sunnah persistent and combat heresy that people who jealous of him and spread slander.

Some tasks are carried Ever

Sheikh al-Albani He has taught at Jami'ah Islamiyah (Islamic University of Medina) for three years, since the year 1381-1383 AH, teaching about the hadith and hadith sciences. After that he moved to Jordan. In 1388 H, the Ministry of Education asked the Sheikh al-Albani to be a department chairman Dirasah Islamiyah on the Graduate Faculty at a university in the kingdom of Jordan. But the mood at that time did not allow him to meet that demand. In the year 1398 H 1395 H until he returned to Medina to serve as a member of the Islamic Supreme Council Jam'iyah there. Mandapat highest award from the kingdom of Saudi Arabia King Faisal Fundation of 14 Dzulkaidah 1419 H.

Some of the works he

The works he is very much, some of which are already printed, there is still a manuscript and there are mafqud (missing), all totaling 218 titles. Some Examples of Work He is:

* Adabuz-Zifaf fi As-Sunnah al-Muthahharah
* Al-Ajwibah an-Nafi’ah ‘ala as’ilah masjid al-Jami’ah
* Silisilah al-Ahadits ash Shahihah
* Silisilah al-Ahadits adh-Dha’ifah wal maudhu’ah
* At-Tawasul wa anwa’uhu
* Ahkam Al-Jana’iz wabida’uha

In addition, he also has a lecture tapes, cassettes refutation of heretical ideas and the tapes contain the answers about the various issues that are useful. Furthermore, Sheikh al-Albani intestate for his personal library, either in the form of books that have been printed, copyan photo books, manuscripts (written by his own or someone else) were all handed over to the library Jami'ah in connection with the mission Book was headed al-Sunnah, according to the manhaj salafush Salih (companions of the Prophet radi anhum), when he became a lecturer there.

Death

He died on Friday, Saturday night on 21 Jumada Tsaniyah 1420 H or to coincide with October 1, 1999 in Yoradania. Rahimallah ash-Shaykh al-Albani rahmatan wasi'ah jazahullahu'an wa al-Islam wal muslimiina Khaira adkhalahu fi wa an-Na'im al-Muqim.

Hadith is one of the referral sources of Islamic law in addition to the holy book the Koran. In the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad that contained the answers and solutions to problems faced by people in various walks of life. Talking about the science of hadith, Muslims will not forget the services of Al-Albani. He is one of the prominent Islamic reformers of this century.

The work and his services quite a lot and very helpful, especially Muslims in reviving the science of hadith. He is credited with purifying the Islamic teachings of the hadiths are weak and false and examining the degree of hadith.

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